A paper given at the Carmelite
Provincial Assembly
at Middle Park on the 10th of September 2008
Early photograph of the Carmelite
Hall
Richardson Street, Middle Park.
The Hall was built in 1918.
Courtesy of
Esmae Boutros, Carmelite Archivist.
The history of the Carmelite Order in Australia begins with the arrival of five
Carmelites from Ireland
in 1881. The first part of the history extends from that date to the building
of the Middle Park
and Port Melbourne
priories in 1909. The second period extends from that time until 1928 when the
Australian Commissariat was established and the first candidates were accepted
for formation within Australia.
This fifty year period is the focus of
this paper. It begins with the building of the Middle Park priory but it also looks
at events which preceded and followed that significant happening.
On Pentecost Sunday, 30 May
1909, the autumn sun shone brightly in the crisp Melbourne air. Among the Carmelites and their
parishioners there was a feeling of excitement because that afternoon Dean Patrick
Phelan, the Vicar General, was to bless and lay the foundation stone of a new
priory which was under construction in Wright Street, Middle Park.
In the morning the Prior,
Joseph Kindelan and Father Francis O’Reilly celebrated Masses in the church of
Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Richardson Street, a church which the Carmelites
had built eighteen years before, and Father John Scanlan and Father Patrick Canavan
celebrated Masses at St Joseph’s Church in Rouse Street, Port Melbourne which
had been entrusted to the Carmelites when they were given the parish twenty
seven years before.
It was something of a
disappointment that the Archbishop, Patrick Carr, was not going to do the
blessing that afternoon, as had been the original plan. He was on an ad limina
visit to Rome and Ireland and had delayed his return
in order to negotiate the appointment of a coadjutor who would succeed him. He was
in fact arriving back within a week, just too late for the blessing. (1)
It was not only that the
Carmelites had hoped the Archbishop would bless and lay the foundation stone.
They were also hoping that he would have taken the opportunity to announce that
the parish of Port Melbourne, formerly Sandridge, would be divided and a new
parish, Middle Park, formed and entrusted to them. But
that did not happen.
Eight days before the
blessing, the Catholic paper, The
Advocate, announced that the Carmelites Fathers, having disposed of their
priory to the Brigidine nuns, had been obliged to build presbyteries beside
their churches at Middle
Park and Port Melbourne. The Advocate expressed the opinion that
the friends and well wishers of the Carmelites would want to attend the
blessing in large numbers and help them to meet the heavy outlay. (2)
There was no Sunday sport of
any kind and the blessing or opening of a church, presbytery, school or fete at
which the bishop and others would give speeches about education and social
issues, punctuated by applause and cheers, was standard Catholic entertainment.
On this occasion, as The Advocate reported later, perhaps
with some exaggeration, some thousands congregated long before the ceremony was
due to start, (3)
Members of the Hibernian Society
in regalia were lined up to form a guard of honour from the church to the new
priory and the band of St Vincent’s Orphanage South
Melbourne was providing a musical background.
As the people waited, some of
the ladies chatted with each other about the forthcoming Carmelite Ball, (4) the
eleventh, and Secretary Frank Wrigley moved among parishioners, urging them to finalise
their tables. The Ball was already a major social event which was to run for
another seventy years.
Some of the men talked to
each other about the very successful season the local football team, South Melbourne, was having. The previous day it had
continued its unbeaten run for the season by defeating Collingwood and was on
its way to winning its first grand final.
(5)
Right on time the doors of
the church were flung open and altar servers, visiting clergy in choir dress,
the four Carmelites in white cloaks, and the Dean, a tall handsome man in full
regalia, made their way in procession to the dais in front of the partially
completed building where the mayor, politicians and prominent members of the
laity were waiting.
When the Dean completed the
blessing, Prior Kindelan welcomed him warmly and then the Dean launched into
his speech. He began by congratulating the parishioners on what they were
doing. ‘By building beside the church,’ he said, ‘ you are removing a state of
affairs which has caused great inconvenience to the people and has involved untold
hardships to the Carmelite Fathers for the past quarter of a century.’ (6)
He warmed to his subject. He
said that priests lived and need to live under the shadow of their church where
they dispensed the mysteries of God. Unlike ministers of other denominations,
who resided away from their flock, whom they saw only on Sundays, Catholic
priests lived in daily contact with the people. Their ministries and their
efforts to meet the needs of their people demanded a residence by their church.
Until recently the Carmelites had been
living away from their churches but now they had given up their massive priory
by the sea to come closer to their people. (7)
Perhaps the Dean suddenly realised
that he was being critical of the Carmelites on two counts. The implication was
that they had built in the wrong place and they had built grandly. He changed
direction. The Carmelites had made a great sacrifice, he said. They had given
up their home. And why? It was to enable them to bring into the parish a new
teaching order, the Brigidines, who would take responsibility for St Joseph’s school and establish
a central novitiate. This would confer immense benefits on the people. There
were loud cheers. (8)
The Dean then proceeded to
address at length a current controversial education issue. It had to do with a
proposal to teach the Bible in state schools and his long speech was punctuated
by applause and cheers. Then no less than three politicians made speeches congratulating
the Dean on his care of the diocese in the Archbishop’s absence and, in
passing, encouraging all present to subscribe to the cost of the new priory.
Their praise was so fulsome that
the Dean felt obliged to speak again, to thank them for their votes of thanks.
‘I am humiliated rather than proud,’ he said, which probably wasn’t quite what
he meant, but he ended to ‘tremendous cheers. (9)
Finally it was Prior Kindelan’s
turn to speak. He thanked everyone and read out the list of subscribers, the
first of which was one hundred pounds from the Carmelites and twenty five
pounds from the Dean. In all, 523 pounds was subscribed and there was one
thousand pounds in hand, well short of the eight thousand pounds the priory was
costing.
According to the Advocate reporter, the emphasis in the
new priory was on utility. He wrote that it would be a working house rather
than ornamental. It was a very sound and substantial building. The rooms were
of fair size and the priests would use them for their studies. The refectory
and library were both twenty four feet by sixteen and there were two reception
rooms for parishioners. The kitchens
were good, lofty and large rooms and would be most convenient for working in.
(10)
The new Priory was in fact
being built in the style of many Australian presbyteries: two stories, wide
verandas, high ceilings and provision for the sea breeze to blow through, all
to minimise the fierce summer heat which those coming from the northern
hemisphere so dreaded. It did not include the present four upstairs bedrooms furtherest
from the street which were not built until the late nineteen thirties.
That evening the four
Carmelites sat around and talked about the day and the events which had led to
it. It had been a particularly difficult few months. They were trying to build
not one but two new priories and they were living in cramped and temporary
accommodation. Ideally they would not have moved out of their priory on
Beaconsfield Parade until the new priories were built. Which raises the
question: Why had they moved out anyway?
For some time they had been
trying to enlist the help of the Brigidine sisters for St Joseph’s school, Port Melbourne where,
after twenty five years as principal, William Hoy was retiring. The Brigidines were
willing to come but had been unable to find a large enough house and they could
not afford, or were unwilling, to build. The Mother Provincial proposed to
Father Kindelan that the Carmelites should move out and sell the Brigidines
their home. (11)
Three years before, the Carmelites
had persuaded the Good Shepherd sisters to open a primary school within their Rosary Place complex
and accept the children who had been attending school in the school-hall beside
the Middle Park church. (12) The move
had been very successful. Now the Carmelites were very desirous of getting the
Brigidines for St Joseph’s,
Port Melbourne so they had accepted the Brigidine proposal
It made sense that the
Brigidines should start at the beginning of the school year. The community
arrived on 21 January and began teaching
four days later. But the
Brigidines had more in mind than the staffing of St Joseph’s school. They also wanted to open
a central novitiate and to establish a primary and secondary school for girls
which they would call Kilbride.
So for the time being two of
the Carmelites were living in a house in Rouse Street, Port Melbourne and two of
them in a house in Armstrong
Street Middle
Park. The opening of the
new priories could not come soon enough.
One matter the four Carmelites
discussed that night was Dean Phelan’s comments about the positioning of their
first priory on Beaconsfield Parade and they asked themselves the question they
had asked themselves many times before: why did Joseph Butler build where he
did in 1886? As the Dean had said, for over twenty five years the people, if
they wanted a priest, had to go to the priory on the beach road and each
morning the Carmelites had to set out, either walking or on a bike, to go to
St. Joseph’s Church, and after 1891, to the new church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
in Richardson Street, and after December 1892 to the chapel of the Good
Shepherd sisters at Rosary Place.
The answer to the question
lies in the aspirations of Prior Butler, first superior of the Australian
mission from 1881 to 1894. The Carmelites came to Australia as a result of an
agreement between Bishop Reynolds of Adelaide and Father Michael Moore, provincial of the Irish Province, and they
were given the extensive but far from wealthy parish of Gawler.
The presbytery they inherited,
while spacious enough, was able to accommodate only three or perhaps four, but
was certainly inadequate for five. There was little in the way of furnishing.
They were already on their way to Australia when Archbishop Reynolds, who was
visiting Ireland in search of priests and religious, wrote to Mother Mary of
the Cross MacKillop telling her he feared his vicar general may not have done
anything to prepare for the Carmelites, that ’there may not even be mattresses
for them,’ (13) and asking her to do
anything she could as discreetly as possible.
It is obvious that from the
time they arrived they had their eyes on Melbourne
which was at that time enjoying great prosperity, so much so that in the 1880s it
became known as ‘marvellous Melbourne.’
The gold discoveries and the opening up of crown land had had an immense impact
on the colony and on the city. Huge amounts of money were pouring in from
British investors and ‘Melbourne had become
synonymous for wealth on the financial markets in London.’(14)
Within weeks of their arrival
in Gawler, Prior Butler, he was always known as Prior, was making contact with Melbourne’s Archbishop
Goold and offering the service of the Carmelites to preach missions. Goold was
grateful to accept the offer and in October Joseph Butler and Patrick Shaffrey,
not long ordained, began a series of missions beginning at St Francis Church
and finishing at the Cathedral.
From there things moved
rapidly. By May, Butler and Shaffrey were back
in Melbourne
and Goold cut off the Sandridge part of the Emerald Hill parish and entrusted
it to them. The Carmelites were in Melbourne
to stay.
Their first home was at Nott Street,
Sandridge but Prior Butler wanted a worthy mother house for the Order in Australia. Within
months he had bought a large block, at an inflated price which reflected the
boom conditions, on the striking new boulevard called Beaconsfield Parade. Tea
tree and wild flowers abounded and most of the area was undeveloped.
It took time but in 1886 Butler built a priory
which stood out both because of its size and its position. Archbishop Goold
laid the foundation stone on 23 May of that year, just a few days before he
died. For the Carmelites it was to be the base for their parish ministry, the
base for their outreach for missions and retreats and, who knows, perhaps a
place for training candidates for the Order.
Meanwhile Butler’s reputation as a speaker and preacher
grew remarkably. He received invitation after invitation to preach on special
occasions, to attend openings, to give lectures and to give missions. So
effective was he, so accomplished, that he was invited to Sydney,
to Queensland and then to New Zealand. He
was well supported by Patrick Shaffrey who was also an outstanding preacher.
Sometimes the two of them worked together, as when giving missions, sometimes
separately. Their names are mentioned again and again in the Catholic papers.
Buoyed by the prosperity of
the times and with the future looking so good, Butler, supported by Patrick Carr in Gawler,
then made an ill-fated attempt to establish an Australian commissariat with
himself as commissary general. Clearly the Irish Province
regarded the move as premature and the conditions the mother province placed
upon it guaranteed it would not succeed. It lasted only two years. (15)
But Butler was undeterred. In Melbourne everything was prospering and the
Carmelites shared in the optimism. Butler
was something of a speculator himself. Besides buying the land for the priory
and then building substantially, he bought 640 acres in Queensland, (16) an investment which ended
disastrously. He bought land in Mary
Street, St Kilda for a future church and then bought
another block on the corner of Kerford
Road and Merton
Street and started to collect funds for a new
church for the burgeoning Middle
Park area.
In time he realised that the
block was too small and, even though he couldn’t sell it and continued to pay
rent on it, he bought a larger block on the corner of Richardson and Wright
Streets and declared that this would now be the site of the church for Middle Park.
Then in the 1890s came the financial
crash. The effects were devastating. Banks failed. Factories closed down. Business
men were declared bankrupt. Homes were deserted. Whole families left the area
and the population declined rapidly. (17)
On the day the Good Shepherd
Sisters had the official opening of Rosary
Place in 1893, the collection was so small that
the chronicler felt obliged to explain that it was due to ‘the low financial
state of the city at the time.’ (18)
Historian Kathleen
Fitzpatrick, whose grandfather J R Buxton built his Beaconsfield Parade home,
now the Danish Club, four years after the Carmelites built theirs, wrote,
‘suddenly, in 1890, the Land Boom burst and Melbourne was no longer marvellous.
The calamity affected everyone….’ (19)
It certainly affected the
Carmelites but Butler
held his nerve. To some people it must have seemed foolhardy because in the
face of the rapidly declining financial situation he decided that the building
of the Middle Park church must go ahead. Archbishop
Carr laid the foundation stone for it in November 1891 and exactly a year later
it was blessed and opened by Bishop Reville of Sandhurst.
It held 500 people. In the same year a school-hall was opened beside the church.
Somehow the Carmelites got
through the 1890s although one wonders how they did it, given the huge debts
they were trying to service. Then suddenly Butler
was recalled to Ireland
and Thomas Kelly took his place.
Did Butler fall out of favour with the Irish
Provincial Council? Did they consider he had overstretched himself? Did he burn
himself out? The Chapter of 1891 had confirmed him as superior of the
Australian mission but in March 1894 he was recalled. The Advocate, which had devoted so much space to his farewell three
years earlier, said simply that the Provincial wanted to confer with him on
matters of importance in connection with the Order. (20) He was fifty years old.
By the following year the
debt was 9,000 pounds and Tom Kelly started an appeal in the diocese to which
the Archbishop contributed. The property on Kerford Road was still unsold and costing
rent and there were still regular payments to be made on the block on which the
church had been built.
‘If the prosperity which
existed when the debt was occurred had continued,’ said a brochure, ‘the whole
interest would have been met by the resources of the parish.’ (21)
By 1900 the Order was facing
bankruptcy, as a parish and as the Australian part of the Irish province. In an unprecedented gesture of support, no
doubt because they did not want to be associated with the scandal and
humiliation of a Catholic parish going into liquidation, all four Victorian
bishops gave permission for an appeal. The Carmelites established Our Lady’s
Guild of Ransom and that saved the day. They were scarred by the experience but
certainly not paralysed.
They survived the first decade
of the new century and the financial position gradually improved, helped by the
increasing numbers at the Middle
Park end of the parish. And
when the Brigidines took over St
Joseph’s school the financial burden on the parish was
lessened.
So the foundation stone for the
Middle Park priory was laid on 30 May 1909.
Then, three months later, on 29 August, the foundation stone for a new priory was
laid at Port Melbourne. On that day the walls were already up to the first storey.
Again Dean Phelan presided, this time because the Archbishop was ill, and again
he alluded to the sacrifices the Carmelites had made for educational reasons by
moving out of their original home. (22)
In proposing a vote of thanks
to the Dean, the highly respected Dr A L Kenny said the Carmelite Fathers ‘were
very modest, hardworking men.’ They had done great work in the past and were
doing splendid work in the present. He recalled Prior Butler, who was respected
throughout Australia,
Father Shaffrey and Prior Kelly. Applause followed the mention of each name.
Prior Kindelan thanked the
Dean, the diocesan priests, parishioners and friends for their support. Again
the Carmelites contributed 100 pounds and the Archbishop sent 20 guineas as a
mark of his support.
Again the Dean rose to thank
those who had thanked him. ‘With the two splendid presbyteries in the parish,’
he said, ‘the Fathers would be able to labour with even greater success than in
the past.’
Once again nothing had been
said about the division of the parish, yet it must have been constantly on the
minds of the Carmelites. Ofcourse there was no guarantee that the new parish
would be entrusted to them.
Years later when the
Carmelite parishes of Port Adelaide, Coorparoo and Hilton were divided, the
bishops did not offer the newly formed parishes to the Order. In the late 1950’s
Paul Knuppel, foreseeing that the division of Wentworthville parish was
inevitable, argued that if the Order opened a secondary school at Pendle Hill,
the presence of the Carmelites there would ensure that the fast developing and
promising area of Pendle Hill-Greystanes would be given to them. That never
happened. (23)
What then persuaded
Archbishop Carr to entrust Middle
Park to the Order? His
biographer, Tom Boland, wrote, ‘Carr cut off Middle Park
and made the Carmelites pastors of a second mission.’ Then he adds
rather curiously, ‘Middle Park
was his favourite swimming spot, so it can be presumed that they were
approved.’ (24)
Boland implies that Carr had
good memories of Prior Butler who had led the Carmelites to Melbourne. He wrote of Butler, ‘no church function was complete
without his presence and he usually addressed the assembly. Carr was content to
have it so.’
By some strange turn of fate,
the decree of the Archbishop finally dividing the parish of Port Melbourne and
committing the new parish of Middle Park to the Carmelites cannot be found in
the Archdiocesan archives, nor in our own archives nor in the archives of the
Irish Province nor in the archives in Rome.
The building of the two
priories was a catalyst for a remarkable development in both areas of the
parish, especially in Middle
Park. Within a few years the
Carmelites and their parishioners had built half a new church by replacing half
of the original one, and they had built a magnificent new hall beside the
church and a school for boys in Danks
Street.
At Port Melbourne they built
a new primary school in Bay Street
in the heart of the city and this was a double blessing. It was a large
building with spacious rooms and wide corridors for an increasing number of
children and it freed up the school hall so that the social dimension of the
parish could be enhanced. Then later under Peter O’Dwyer’s leadership St Joseph’s church was
extended and enhanced.
It is clear that the number
one priority of the Carmelites was the development of two outstanding parishes
which would be pastoral, spiritual and social centres. They devoted all their
efforts to this task and they no longer involved themselves in missions and
retreats as happened in the days of Joseph Butler, Patrick Shaffrey and Michael
Moore.
At Middle Park
the church, hall and priory became known as The Carmelite. It was highly
significant in the life of local Catholics and association with it helped to
identify them.
It was not only a centre of
worship with its Confraternity of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and its annual
celebration of the feast in July and its strong sodalities and outstanding
choir. It was also a social centre with billiard room, gymnasium, lending
library, tennis club, regular dances and annual ball. Susan Priestly, who wrote
the history of South Melbourne, remarks that
the first duty of the newly elected mayor and mayoress each year was to receive
the debutantes at the Carmelite Ball at the Town Hall. (25)
As Priestly put it: ‘The
Catholic presence in Middle Park was distinctive in its own terms, with the
Carmelite order of priests as its pastors…, the local term for Catholics was
not Pats or Micks, but Carmelites.’
To this day there are those
whose families are long gone from Middle
Park who say that their
parents or grandparents were ‘married at The Carmelite’ or ‘went to dances at
The Carmelite.’
From the beginning the two
parishes were different and reflected the character and social status of the two
suburbs. At Middle
Park many of the men went
off to work in suits and ties to offices in the city. At Port Melbourne there
was work closer to home on the wharf, at Dunlops, Swallow and Ariels and
Kitchens, the latter two providing work for women as well.
In 1910, for a brief period,
the Carmelites reached their highest number. There were four of them in Middle Park,
two in Port Melbourne and four in Port Adelaide, ten in all. Unfortunately these
numbers were not maintained.
Middle Park was now
the mother house of the Order in Australia. Prior Kindelan lived
there and interestingly John Scanlan, who moved into the new Port Melbourne
priory, and was given responsibility for the community and the parish, does not
seem to have had the title of prior. That did not happen until his successor,
Peter O’Dwyer, was appointed in 1921.
This meant little to the parishioners
who simply lived their own lives and were glad to take advantage of what their
respective parishes offered. What they had in common was the Carmelite
connection, the Carmelite presence and Carmelite ministry. Occasionally someone
would be rash enough to make some kind of comparison. Mother Anthony Byrne, long
time head of St Joseph’s school, scoffed at the notion of rivalry, saying it
was ‘twopence looking down on penny halfpenny,’ (26) but woe betide anyone in the
convent or in the two parishes who suggested that Port Melbourne was not the
better place.
Years later, Tom Murphy, who
had lived in both Carmelite communities, wrote, ‘the parishes are cheek and
jowl, though which is cheek and which is jowl is not a matter in dispute.’ (27)
The Irish Carmelites had no
parishes in Ireland.
Public churches, yes, but parishes, no. So those who were appointed to the
Australian mission so far from home faced a substantial challenge, a learning
experience. They met that challenge well. There is no doubt that their parishes
thrived and they were popular pastors.
But the continuing source of
concern was how to persuade the mother Province to keep up a supply of suitable
personnel to maintain and develop the Australian mission.
The first four leaders of the
mission, always called Prior, were certainly long time stayers. Joseph Butler,
Thomas Kelly, Joseph Kindelan and Robert Power covered a period of over fifty
years. Kindelan and Power spent the rest of their lives in Australia, as
did John Scanlan, Paul Clery, Bernard
Mansfield, Bernard O’Farrell, Timothy Cotter, Arthur Molloy, John O’Beirne,
Thomas Murphy, Terence Lynch and Martin McMahon. Some, like Patrick Carr and Peter
O’Dwyer, and in our own day Maurice
Barry, stayed for many years and then returned to Ireland but in the first fifty
years some were here for just short periods, which was hardly a recipe for
continuity and stability.
Clearly the Provincial
Council in Ireland
did not have the men who would be suitable for the Australian mission. Besides,
in 1889 the Province took on a second mission, this time in New York, and this made continuing demands on
the mother province as well.
If the Order was to have a
future in Australia,
young Australians would have to be encouraged to join it. But there was great
reluctance to offer such encouragement because any candidate would have to set off
on a long sea voyage, do a novitiate in Ireland
and then go to Rome.
This was a burning issue for years.
In 1906 Peter Elias Magennis,
who was returning to Ireland
to become novice master, then assistant general, then prior general, took with
him a seventeen year old youngster named Michael Gerhard whose family Magennis
had known in Gawler. The following year Patrick Gearon and his brother Eddie
travelled from Port Melbourne to join the Order. It was eight years before
another candidate, Walter Bridger, made the journey in 1915, and then another
seven years before Charles Nalty, William Nugent and Enda Carney did the same.
They were followed by James O’Sullivan. Both he and Enda Carney became ill in Rome. Enda died and Jim
came back to Australia
a sick man. He never properly recovered. These bad experiences registered
deeply.
An elderly Columban who grew
up in Port Melbourne recalled that as a young man he approached John Scanlan
and asked him about joining the Order. He received positive discouragement. (28) That
incident reflected the attitude of the Carmelites at the time. They wanted to
establish the Order on a firm footing but were reluctant to encourage any young
man to risk the only vocational path they could offer.
It was not until 1928, nearly
fifty years after the Australian foundation began, that Robert Power fulfilled
a personal dream and opened a novitiate in Albert Park The first novices were Edmund
Nugent, James Meehan and Charles Parkin, followed shortly afterwards by Joe
Phillips.
The growth of clerical
religious orders in Australia
was very slow. For years there were only two orders in Adelaide,
the Jesuits and the Carmelites, and in Melbourne
it was the Jesuits and Carmelites followed by the Vincentians. When Patrick
Carr made his ad limina to Rome
in 1908, he reported that these three had a total of 39 priests and most were
Jesuits. At his next ad limina in 1918 he reported that the priests from the
three orders had increased by only two. In the same period, diocesan priests
grew in number from 104 to 156.which may reflect the establishment of the seminary
at Manly. (29)
Should the Carmelites have
developed local vocations more vigorously and imaginatively? Or was the concept
of Australia
being a missionary country so engrained that it was hard to imagine it as other
than a dependent mission?
What did the Carmelites who
moved into the new priories at Middle Park and Port Melbourne in 1909 envisage for the
Order in Australia?
They were in a pioneering country and it was the day to day issues which were most
pressing. They had come from an Ireland
and a Europe which had suffered decades and
decades of war and persecution. The Church and the Order were, in a sense,
still in survival mode.
Their most important priority
was building up strong faith filled parishes. They were proud of their Order’s history
and their Order’s saints. The ideal held out for each community was to exercise
effective and compassionate ministry and for the individual to be a man of
holiness and to have great zeal for souls.
It is a fascinating story, a
story which has, however subtlely, left its mark on all of us who have followed
them.
NOTES
(1) Advocate 5 June 1909
(2) Advocate 22
May 1909
(3) Advocate 5
June 1909
(4) The South Melbourne
Record 4 January 1909
(5) The Age 31
May 1909
(6) Advocate 5
June 1909
(7) Advocate 5
June 1909
(8) Advocate 5
June 1909
(9) Advocate 5
June 1909
(10) Advocate 5
June 1909
(11) Morna
Sturrock, Women of Strength, Women of Gentleness, 1995,
David
Lovell, page 54
(12) John
O’Beirne, O.Carm The History of the
Carmelites in Australia,
The
Sword, July 1939, page 348
(13) Margaret
Press From our Broken Toil South Australian Catholics
1836-1905 Archdiocese of Adelaide,
1986, page 86
(14) City
of South Melbourne,
South Melbourne Heritage, page 23
(15) Peter
Slattery Prior Butler in Nubecula Vol 20 No 3 pages 24-26
(16) Ibid
page 23
(17) City
of South Melbourne,
South Melbourne Heritage, pages 24-25
(18) Catherine
Kovesi, Pitch Your Tents on Distant
Shores, Playright
Publishing, page 191
(19) Kathleen
Fitzpatrick, Solid Bluestone Foundations,
Macmillan
1983, page 40
(20) Advocate 3 March 1894
(21) Advocate 5 October 1895
(22) Advocate 5 September 1909
(23) Definitory
Minutes 22 August 1960
(24) T. P.
Boland, Thomas Carr Archbishop of
Melbourne, UQP, 1997,
page 171
(25) Susan
Priestly, South Melbourne A History, MUP,
1995, page 298
(26) Conversation
with the writer c. 1954
(27) Thomas
Cyril Murphy O. Carm, Submission to
Preparatory
Committee, Undated letter in
Provincial Archives
(28) Conversation
with the writer c. 1973
(29) T. P.
Boland, page 385
